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When listeners have strong preexisting opinions about a topic, such as the death penalty, religious issues, affirmative action, abortion, or global warming, their biases may make it difficult for them to even consider new information about the topic, especially if the new information is inconsistent with what they already believe to be true. Or maybe the speaker is presenting a topic or position you fundamentally disagree with. Maybe the speech topic is one you’ve heard a thousand times, so you just tune out the speech. The second type of bias listeners can have is related to the topic or content of the speech. When we have preconceived notions about a speaker, those biases can interfere with our ability to listen accurately and competently to the speaker’s message.
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Maybe you have a classmate who just gets under your skin for some reason, or maybe you question a classmate’s competence on a given topic. Often a speaker stands up and an audience member simply doesn’t like the speaker, so the audience member may not listen to the speaker’s message. The first type of bias listeners can have is related to the speaker. Everyone has biases, but good listeners have learned to hold them in check while listening. Conversely, biased listening is characterized by jumping to conclusions the biased listener believes, “I don’t need to listen because I already know what I think.” Receiver biases can refer to two things: biases with reference to the speaker and preconceived ideas and opinions about the topic or message. Good listening involves keeping an open mind and withholding judgment until the speaker has completed the message. If you have instructors who do a good job of keeping your attention, they are positive role models showing strategies you can use to accommodate the limitations of your audience’s attention span. Instructors who are adept at holding listeners’ attention also move about the front of the room, writing on the board, drawing diagrams, and intermittently using slide transparencies or PowerPoint slides. For example, a fifty- to seventy-five-minute class session might include some lecture material alternated with questions for class discussion, video clips, handouts, and demonstrations. As many classroom instructors know, listeners will readily renew their attention when the presentation includes frequent breaks in pacing (Middendorf & Kalish, 1996).
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The limits of the human attention span can interfere with listening, but listeners and speakers can use strategies to prevent this interference. Whether or not these concerns are well founded, you have probably noticed that even when your attention is “glued” to something in which you are deeply interested, every now and then you pause to do something else, such as getting a drink of water, stretching, or looking out the window. More recently, researchers have engaged in an ongoing debate over whether Internet use is detrimental to attention span (Carr, 2010). In his 1985 book Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business, New York University’s Steinhardt School of Education professor Neil Postman argued that modern audiences have lost the ability to sustain attention to a message (Postman, 1985). For instance, if someone is said to be “flexible with the truth,” it might take us a moment to understand that the speaker means this person sometimes lies.Ī person can only maintain focused attention for a finite length of time. Euphemism is diplomatic language used for delivering unpleasant information. Another example of semantic noise is euphemism. Later, the author found out that the speaker was using the word “sweeper” to refer to a vacuum cleaner however, in the meantime, her listening was hurt by her inability to understand what the speaker meant. The author was confused, as she did not see how a broom would be effective in cleaning carpeting. One of the authors was listening to a speaker who mentioned using a sweeper to clean carpeting. While you are struggling with a word interpretation, you are distracted from listening to the rest of the message. While you are attempting to understand a particular word or phrase, the speaker continues to present the message. Semantic noise occurs when a receiver experiences confusion over the meaning of a source’s word choice.